Niche Company/Urban Outfitters Free Essays

The reason for this report is to explore the difficulties of setting up a business and the contrast between the significant types of business; especially, specialty showcases when contrasted with the bigger standard markets. Characterize three (3) challenges when setting up a business. Clarify why they are difficulties. We will compose a custom paper test on Specialty Company/Urban Outfitters or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now The three principle challenges when setting up a business are: income, item gracefully and request, and HR. Contingent upon the sort of business, you will have the underlying expense of starting the business before any salary got from that business. What kind of item are you selling and is there a buyer interest for the item. At last, staffing the business is likewise a significant concern. Contingent upon the sort of business, there will frequently be an underlying money venture. Property should be gained from which you will work the business. The cost will rely upon the area, where you item will be popular, regardless of whether you are buying the property or leasing; and the measure of area required. The property should be improved so as to show the item and there is additionally the cost of the stock; work is likewise associated with embellishing and loading the stock. Is it true that you are ready to do this without anyone's help or will people should be recruited? Additionally, do you as the business owner have enough income to continue your everyday costs during this time, when there is no or little salary accessible? Urban Outfitters Continuing Case Study: Creating a business. 2 The business started with a thought or item and the inquiry must be replied regarding whether it is sought after. Buyers must need the item all together for the business to succeed; if the customer doesn't need the item, the business will come up short. Consequently, one must inquire as to whether the item sick be sought after in the territory where the business will be situated; for instance, snow sleds would not be popular on a tropical island. Starting a business requires a gigantic measure of time and help is frequently required. Except if you limit your long stretches of activity, it would be incomprehensible for a solitary owner to satisfy all the hours required. From the start, one may have family as well as companions ready to contribute their time, yet this will just keep going for such a long time. Recruiting representatives is a troublesome assignment; one must ensure the individual is appropriate for the position. The people you recruit will speak to your business. Characterize what a specialty item is. Give in any event three instances of specialty items. A specialty item is intended to engage people with explicit interests, needs, and value go. A couple of instances of a specialty item would include: hefty size woman’s dress, import car fix administration, and ethnic nourishments. Clarify why a specialty item may have a bit of leeway in a market. Would cost essentially be a preferred position? Clarify why or why not. Urban Outfitters Continuing Case Study: Creating a business. 3 Niche items or administrations are particular and serve a littler portion of the market. A specialty advertise aces an item explicitly, intended to serve just one kind of individual in the market. The bit of leeway is the specialty organization can concentrate on one gathering of purchasers. Cost may conceivably be lower; promoting to a littler gathering of people is frequently increasingly productive and financially savvy. Be that as it may, delivering a lesser amount with an appeal would have the capability of raising the cost. For instance, an imported vehicle proprietor wants a technician work in imported vehicle fix. There is certainly not an appeal for this kind of fix administration; consequently, the cost for this administration would be higher. The more significant expense would not be worry for the imported vehicle proprietor since his fundamental concern is having his vehicle fixed effectively. Distinguish and clarify three reasons why clients would pay more for selectiveness. 1) A select item gives the feeling that it is extraordinary; hence, people are happy to pay more for something that is one of a kind or unique. 2) A select item could be viewed as elusive or buy as a result of accessibility making it progressively exceptional. People need what another person will most likely be unable to acquire. 3) Individuals are eager to pay more for a select item so as to intrigue others. The individual that is dazzled would discover an incentive in that thing. Urban Outfitters Continuing Case Study: Creating a business. 4 Explain how a specialty player works on a bigger competitor’s base. Give three instances of retailers who have done this. There are three zones in which a specialty player can work on a bigger competitor’s base: pursue an alternate method of conveying an item; give an excellent item or administration; and have some expertise in a one product offering. Barnes and Noble Bookstores convey their item in a particular manner. This book shop offers a wide assortment of books for the peruser; it would be uncommon for a client to be not able to locate a specific book. One can sit in a family room type air read their buy while having a cup of cappuccino or coffee. Used Books is a chain offering used books at an enormously marked down cost. This is an exceptionally conventional method of looking for books since there is no thinking to where the books are racked and espresso is inaccessible. Mentor stores offer pricey constrained structure purses estimated in the many dollars. A client strolling into the store is caused to feel as though they are the main individual there. Singular consideration is there for the asking causing every client to feel that her business is really valued. Macy’s, an enormous retail establishment, additionally offers Coach satchels; be that as it may, determination is restricted since the store likewise offers other fashioner totes. Starbuck’s gives gourmet espresso; their statement of purpose is to give the best mug of coffee. They don't offer a food menu; their lone item is the gourmet espresso. McDonald’s now offers cappuccino and other espresso drinks alongside their burgers and other menu things. In spite of the fact that their espresso drinks are more affordable, it is certainly justified regardless of the cost of a Starbucks to have a decent mug of Java. Urban Outfitters Continuing Case Study: Creating a business. 5 Summary: Giant organizations consider specialty advertising to be less gainful. Be that as it may, for little scope organizations, which have quite recently begun with their undertakings, it tends to be entirely gainful. By focusing on a gathering of individuals with a particular interest your salary can take off. You are not contending with the bigger standard supplier. Along these lines, you will get more benefit with a lesser exertion by constraining yourself to that specific specialty showcase. The most effective method to refer to Niche Company/Urban Outfitters, Papers

Ultimate Checklist After Youve Been Accepted to College

Congrats, secondary school seniors! Presently that you’re formally school destined, there a couple of things you have to do before you run off and make the most of your late spring. 1. Make a Commitment The May first enlistment cutoff time is coming up! On the off chance that you still haven’t settled on a choice yet, here are some counsel on how different understudies before you at last settled on their decision. In the event that you have, don’t neglect to send in the store and desk work! 2. State Thank You! You presumably worked more earnestly than any other person on your own school application, however don’t overlook your encouraging group of people that made the procedure simpler on you. Compose an individual note to thank the educators who composed your suggestion, the instructors who sent in your transcripts, and loved ones who were there to help you inwardly. On the off chance that you had a school questioner, don’t neglect to say thanks to the person in question too! 3. Treat Yo’self You merit it. Senior year is a difficult year. You need to ensure you keep your evaluations up, concentrate for the SAT/ACT, compose your application essays†¦ And truly, that’s simply a hint of something larger. Presently that you’ve gotten acknowledged, let yourself enjoy a reprieve and make the most of your time with companions. 4. Don’t Fail Your Exams End on a positive note! You can absolutely relax, however don’t let all your difficult work go to squander. Study for your AP tests and end your secondary school vocation on a high note. You don’t need even need to draw near to having your offer cancelled. In addition, in the event that you progress admirably, you can get school credit and spot out of classes and set aside cash! 5. Send Quality Time with Your Friends The following barely any months paving the way to College Move-In Day will be valuable to you and your ride-or-bite the dust BFFs in secondary school. It’s actually the one time frame in your life where you don’t have any (or if nothing else, not excessively many) obligations, and can extremely simply appreciate the organization of your companions. 6. AndYour Family This really may be the last time you’ll ever live at home. Don’t disregard your folks and kin (in the event that you have any). Appreciate the little extravagances you’ve become accustomed to consistently throughout the previous 18 years of your life. 7. Become familiar with Your College! At long last, don’t neglect to check in and become familiar with your school! You’ll be getting a ton of data from your school: quarters decisions, direction data, class plans, summer perusing, and so on. Don’t simply clear that aside. It’s in support of you to be (to some degree) arranged when you get to grounds. First year recruits year is a tornado - you don’t need to get cleared up into the disorder, all things considered, Offer your with us and help other people who are keen on your school better comprehend the application procedure. In addition, you get toearn additional cash for school! What are you holding up for?Create your profile!

Mothers Day

Mothers Day A man stopped at a flower shop to order some flowers to be wired to his mother who lived two hundred miles away.As he got out of his car he noticed a young girl sitting on the curb sobbing.He asked her what was wrong and she replied, “I wanted to buy a red rose for my mother and I don’t have enough money. The man smiled and said, “Come on in with me. I’ll buy you a rose.”He bought the little girl her rose and ordered his own mother’s flowers.As they were leaving he offered the girl a ride home. She said, “Yes, please! You can take me to my mother.”She directed him to a cemetery, where she placed the rose on a freshly dug grave.The man returned to the flower shop, canceled the wire order, picked up a bouquet and drove the two hundred miles to his mother’s house.Author Unknown

Women s Rights Of Women - 1198 Words

Women today face numerous obstacles, but not as many obstacles as women in past years who have paved the way for today’s women. These women fought for the right to vote, to own property, to hold public office, and even rights to their own bodies. It is hard to imagine a time when a woman got married, she gave up all control to any property to her husband. Countless women lived for a long time without having a voice of their own. There were several pioneers involved in the women’s rights movement, each moving women one step closer to equality. These women voiced their concerns over unfair treatment and stood up for change. Today women are still fighting for some of the same causes such as equal treatment and equal pay. For many reasons I believe we still have a way to go for women to have equal rights in America. In the beginning, the push for equal rights for woman came to light in 1848 when the first women’s rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York. There during the convention a woman named Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments, Grievances, and Resolutions. This Declaration contained thirteen resolutions such as equality for women in law, education, employment, and the right to vote. It was not until twenty-one years later in 1869 that Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton would form the National Woman Suffrage Association, with the hopes of gaining the voting rights for women. In 1893 a select few women would be the first given theShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, whe re Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that every man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seenRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both s exual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming liability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there a re manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, women were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women were constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their livesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1230 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s suffrage has stretched from the 1800’s to present day, as women have struggled to have the same civil and constitutional rights as men in politics and be appreciated as equals in the workforce. Groups of women known as suffragists questioned the customary views of women’s roles. Eventually our nation has evolved and realized that male- controlled societies suppress women’s rights. From the beginning steps taken in 1850 to 2013 with women earning combat roles in the military, women’s rolesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1206 Words   |  5 Pagesto speak of women and the role of women in this election, the subject of women is tiresome but necessary in a world where gender is still existent as an obstacle for most. I cannot identify what woman is. I am basing my definition from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopher

The Function and Location of the Pineal Gland

The pineal gland is a small, pinecone-shaped gland of the endocrine system. A structure of the diencephalon of the brain, the pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin. Melatonin influences sexual development and sleep-wake cycles. The pineal gland is composed of cells called pinealocytes and cells of the nervous system called glial cells. The pineal gland connects the endocrine system with the nervous system in that it converts nerve signals from the sympathetic system of the peripheral nervous system into hormone signals. Over time, calcium deposits build-up in the pineal and its accumulation can lead to calcification in the elderly. Function The pineal gland is involved in several functions of the body including: Secretion of the hormone melatoninRegulation of endocrine functionsConversion of nervous system signals to endocrine signalsCauses sleepinessInfluences sexual developmentInfluences immune system functionAntioxidant activity Location Directionally the pineal gland is situated between the cerebral hemispheres and attached to the third ventricle. It is located in the center of the brain. Pineal Gland and Melatonin Melatonin is produced within the pineal gland and synthesized from the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is secreted into the cerbrospinal fluid of the third ventricle and is directed from there into the blood. Upon entering the bloodstream, melatonin can be circulated throughout the body. Melatonin is also produced by other body cells and organs including retinal cells, white blood cells, gonads, and skin. Melatonin production is vital to the regulation of sleep-wake cycles (circadian rhythm) and its production is determined by light and dark detection. The retina sends signals about light and dark detection to an area of the brain called the hypothalamus. These signals are eventually relayed to the pineal gland. The more light detected, the less melatonin produced and released into the blood. Melatonin levels are at their highest during the night and this promotes changes in the body that help us to sleep. Low levels of melatonin during daylight hours help us to stay awake. Melatonin has been used in the treatment of sleep-related disorders including jet lag and shift-work sleep disorder. In both of these cases, a persons circadian rhythm is disrupted either due to travel across multiple time zones or due to working night shifts or rotating shifts. Melatonin has also been used in the treatment of insomnia and depressive disorder. Melatonin influences the development of reproductive system structures as well. It inhibits the release of certain reproductive hormones from the pituitary gland that affect male and female reproductive organs. These pituitary hormones, known as gonadotropins, stimulate gonads to release sex hormones. Melatonin, therefore, regulates sexual development. In animals, melatonin plays a role in regulating mating seasons. Pineal Gland Dysfunction Should the pineal gland begin to function abnormally, a number of problems may result. If the pineal gland is not able to produce sufficient amounts of melatonin, a person could experience insomnia, anxiety, low thyroid hormone production (hypothyroidism), menopause symptoms, or intestinal hyperactivity. If the pineal gland produces too much melatonin, a person could experience low blood pressure, abnormal function of the adrenal and thyroid glands, or Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). SAD is a depressive disorder that some individuals experience during the winter months when sunlight is minimal. Sources Emerson, Charles H. â€Å"Pineal Gland.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, www.britannica.com/science/pineal-gland.Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Melatonin.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, www.britannica.com/science/melatonin.

German Automobile Industry Background Free Essays

German Automobile Industry Industry Background The automobile industry in Germany was born on in the earlier 1886 when the first â€Å"vehicle powered by a gas engine† was assembled and registered. 125 years has passed, and with it the industry has acquired an incredible growth and global recognition. The industry now is one of the most powerful and reliable of the world that actually competes â€Å"vis a vis† with the one of the most dominant car industries of the world: Asian automobile industry. We will write a custom essay sample on German Automobile Industry Background or any similar topic only for you Order Now The German automobile industry is one of the stronger and successful industries in the world, it is the fourth global manufacturer in terms of volume (numbers of cars assembled) after China, United States and Japan. In fact, German automobile industry is responsible for of the manufacturing of 17% of the total global car production. Furthermore, it represents the main sector of Germany’s economy (main driver of growth) as well as the largest automotive market in the whole European continent. One of the key factors of success of this industry has been the large budgets invested in automotive development and research, which has allowed them to manufacture and offer vehicles with latest technology that in most of the cases fits better with consumer insights; in other words, an evolutionary process of application of innovation and cutting-edge technology has lead into one of the main industries in Germany. A good example of this fact is the development of environmental friendly vehicles, which makes â€Å"Germany the most innovative auto nation in the world†. German cars are known globally due to its attributes in terms of comfort, luxury, security, efficiency, reliability, design and image. In addition, the industry counts with one of the higher qualified labor forces, as well as modern infrastructures and research facilities. The industry actually employ 747,600 people just within Germany, and this rate is increasing sharply over the years. The result, Europe’s largest automobile market: about 5. 4 million passenger cars manufactured in 2012; 46 automobile assembly and engine production plants with a capacity over one third of the total automobile production in Europe. Giving the importance of German automobile industry is not a surprise to find some of the most influent companies of the world setting their headquarters and principal assembly plants in the country. The market is dominated by Audi, BMW, Ford Germany, Mercedes Benz, Opel, Porsche and Volkswagen. All these companies have a common characteristic: global demand. Therefore, even when domestic economy is huge –including Germany and the European Union- the industry growth is predominantly due to the exports of vehicles to other countries. Also, as well as the manufacturing of passenger cars, the industry in comprised in an important proportion by the manufacturing and trade of auto parts. The latest reports indicate that last January was a historic month for German automotive industry in which they experienced a sharp increase in demand due to past few years’ trends that have been defining market behavior. Audi and Mercedes Benz sold more cars around the world in January than any corresponding month in the past. The Volkswagen subsidiary Audi sold 117,500 cars, the higher quantity of monthly sales in its history. Also, it increased the worldwide distribution by 16% the same month. The trend was indicating in the past years a significant growth in trade especially with the Asian market, last January the trend was confirmed. Even though the sales increase in all regions, in China the increase was of 38. 5%. Giving this, is possible to identify the markets that represent the clusters of largest demands of German cars as: Asia (mainly China), US and Europe. Bibliography Bibliography IANS. (2013, 02 13). German Cars in Global Demand. Retrieved from Zeebiz. com: http://zeenews. india. om/business/automobiles/auto-news/german-cars-audi-mercedes-benz-in-global-demand_69691. html Invest, G. T. (n. d. ). Automotive Industry. Retrieved from Germany Trade and Invest : http://www. gtai. de/GTAI/Navigation/EN/Invest/Industries/Logistics-mobility/automotive. html Invest, G. T. (n. d. ). The Automotive Industry in Germany. Retrieved from Ixpos. de: http://www. ixpos. de/IXPOS/Content/EN/Your-business-in-germ any/_SharedDocs/Downloads/automotive-industry-in-germany. pdf ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Germany Invest and Trade: Automotive Industry. How to cite German Automobile Industry Background, Essay examples

Nursing Mitral Stenosis

Question: Write about theNursingfor Mitral Stenosis. Answer: Introduction This case study examines the condition of Mr Tupa Savea who suffers from mitral stenosis though his condition is described as stable. The causes and risk factors of aortic stenosis are explicated in this case study in a very clear manner. Therefore, it would be important to note that the narrower the valve the severe the case and for that reason the patient needs immediate medical attention so as to reduce the volatility rate of risk factor to the said patient. The basic remedy for this condition is surgery so as to fully reinstate the situation and aid the patient from the high chances of fatality that is clearly evident of such cases if swift attention is not taken into consideration (Aronow Fleg, 2004). The major cause of this condition is the rheumatic heart diseases which is further facilitated by the bacterium that is produced by the body as it starts working to attack the heart resulting to such case. Other factors that results to this are calcification around the valve and c ongenital problems. There are various complications that are evident in this condition that may worsening the state of the patients. The commonest one is the heart failure which becomes very clear when the situation worsens and thereby making the patient have short breath and high retention of fluid due to the narrowness of the fluid in the system. This situation is further augmented by the fatigues of the entire body. A blood clot is another risk factor that is associated to this state as the blood may be blocked from travelling to the various parts of the body due to the clotting that is clear in that area of the heart (Johnson, 2008). Anticoagulants such as the prescriptions indicated below are the common medication for this state. These are Rivaroxaban (Xarelto), Dabigatran (Pradaxa), Apixaban (Eliquis), Heparin (various) a Warfarin(Coumadin). It is incumbent to note that this type of medication is very expensive and thereby it is expected that the family will spend a lot of mon ey to realize this medication. It is indeed burdensome for the family members to raise that amount of money on regular basis since this type of treatment is not a onetime process but a continual process to facilitate full recovery of the patient (Anderson, 2015). In nutshell most of the medication for this conditions are very expensive and thereby it will be a herculean task for the family to solicit or rather raise such huge amount of money to cater for the medical bills most importantly if the firm has not enrolled in any scheme such as health insurance that can be at least relatively cheaper for the family. Chest pain (angina It is ideal to note that Mitral stenosis is the illness in which the mitral valve narrows and thereby hinders the general flow of blood through the valve causing some complications to the patient experiencing such condition. This in essence cause the chest pain to the patient who undergoes the said condition due to complexity of the narrowness of the valve which further hinders the general flow of the blood and fluid in the heart to the other parts of the body (Desai Allen, 2016). The provision of Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitorsare good medicine to aid this state. Rapidity in heart beats Some of the notable symptoms of this conditions are chest pain or what is commonly referred to as angina, irregular heartbeats and, more so its rapid, reduction in doing a given activity as anticipated and lastly the murmuring of the heart (Chang, 2005). This are general symptoms of aortic stenosis. Since the flow of the blood incredibly reduces and therefore this results to high rapidity of the heart beat which also raise the blood pressure as such. syncope Syncope is a medical term that means the loss of consciousness which in most cases makes one to faint. This condition is common to Mitral stenosis patient since the blood flow incredibly reduces to other parts of the body and most particularly to the brain and therefore making one faint (Sommers Credo Reference (Firm), 2015). Anticoagulation medication is the best therapy to aid in the flow of blood so that there is smooth flow of blood to the rest of the body parts and thereby reduces the chances of one experiencing the syncope state. Heart murmur The heart murmur is another symptom that suggests that one undergoes Mitral stenosis. This is commonly felt when one wheezes. The wheezing rate increases as the person has difficulty in breathing normally and thereby struggles during this process. The best medication to aid this particular condition is Water' tablets (diuretics) (Todd Higgins, 2005). The aforementioned medicines aids in breathlessness state for the patient to have general regular manner of breathing. pressure The narrowness of the valve is the major contributor of the fast rate of the flow of blood which in turn results to high pressure. Notably, it is ideal to state that there is corrective medical treatment for this condition. Apixaban (Eliquis)is the ideal medicine for this condition as it softens the valve to allow adequate supply of the blood and as such reducing the high pressure that is exhibited in this matter. According to Ignatavicius and Workman (2015), the two main classes of drugs that can be administered at this stage and results to significant positive results are Calcium Channel Blockers which is umbrellad in diuretics. It is important to state some of the prescriptions of this class as follows; Amlodipine (Norvasc, Lotrel), Diltiazem (Cardizem, Tiazac), Felodipine (Plendil), Nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia) and Nimodipine (Nimotop) among others. The second class of drugs that can play a very significant role in aiding the patient who does undergo this situation is the Anticoagulation medication (Du, Le Coetzee, 2011). This mostly prescribed to those who have developed the atrial fibrillation. This has really helped in curbing the problem of blood clotting which in large extent has resulted to the high blood pressure kin a particular patient. If the two classes of medicine are administered in tandem with each other there is high probability of the patient recovering well since all th e considerations would have been put in place to see to it that the patient who does experience the same symptoms does undergo the medical help to further recuperate to their state of normalcy (Landrum, 2012). There are various ways in which mitral stenosis can be diagnosed. A doctor may use the stethoscope to determine the magnitude of wheezing in the patients or what is commonly referred to as heart murmur. The doctor may further diagnose this condition by determining the pulse rate of their patient so as to fully aid the patient in the process of recovering. Similarly, anticoagulants are mostly used to aid a patient who suffers from heart attack and stroke. Warfarin is a type of anticoagulants that has to be taken cautiously so as to fully aid the patient in their recovery process. However, it the prescription are not followed well, it may not be of any significant help to the patient. Dietary monitoring is another notable way of aiding the patient to recuperate from this mitral stenosis. It has been observed that the patient is expected to take low amount of vitamin K (Burke, LeMone Mohn-Brown, 2007). The nurse ought to take a clear medical history of Mr Tupa Savea is a 54 who has a history of mitral stenosis. The early diagnostic indicates that Mr Saveas diagnostic signs are PR 90 bpm and high body temperatures of about 36.9C; SpO2 98% on oxygen 8L/min via Hudson It is important to underscore that mitral stenosis generally affects the aging people. Nevertheless, the same condition may also affect the young people due to problem associated with birth. Practically, as a registered nurse, close monitoring is very important for this type of patient. It is the prerogative of the nurse to see to it that the closely monitor the progress of their patient so as to determine how they are faring on the view of administering better medication for them (Ignatavicius, Workman, Blair, Rebar Winkelman, 2016). The best way to realize this is also by offering home based care which in most cases it has been seen to have played a very significant role in the whole process of recovery. The role of n urses at this stage is very important as they may be able to raise alarm if the situation continues to worsen. There are various nursing diagnostic measures that a nurse has to take into consideration so as to fully aid this particular patient. The acute pain should be critically looked into for appropriate medical help. Within the first 24 hours of patients admission the nurse should collect the previous history of the patient so as to aid them in their process of subjecting the patient to medical treatment. Some of the key areas that the nurse has to handle or put into considerations is the pulsing rate of the patient, murmuring of the heart (Diali, Toulabi, Gholami, Khademi Tarrahi, 2016). Moreover, the nurse should be able to identify whether the patient has been experiencing unconsciousness condition. Another notable question that the nurse should ask is whether the patient experience angina or rather the chest pain which is also associated to this stenosis condition. Most importantly the nurse should find out is the type of medication and treatment that the patient has previously been taking. This a very crucial question as it will assist the medic who would take after to know what are some of the precautionary measures that they have to employ in their process of dispensing their services (Cl arke, 2015). In order for the nurse to have a clear condition of their patient, it would be ideal for the nurse to collect clear symptoms of aortic stenosis. Now that Mr Saveas has been readmitted to coronary care unit (CCU), it will be ideal for the nurses to take a keen look of his progress to aid in taking the medication that was prescribed to him. References Anderson, K. M. P. D. F. N. P. (2015).The Advanced Practice Nurse Cardiovascular Clinician. Aronow, W. S., Fleg, J. L. (2004).Cardiovascular disease in the elderly. New York: Marcel Dekker. Burke, K. M., LeMone, P., Mohn-Brown, E. (2007).Medical-surgical nursing care. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Chang, A. (2005).Magill's medical guide. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press. Clarke, G. M. (2015).A history of the Intensive Care Unit within the family of Royal Perth Hospital. Desai, B., Allen, B. R. (2016).Nailing the Written Emergency Medicine Board Examination. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Diali, A. G., Toulabi, T., Gholami, M., Khademi, M., Tarrahi, M. J. (2016). Challenges of nursing documentation in coronary care unit: A qualitative study of nurses experiences.Iioab Journal,7,134-140. Du, P. L. J., Le, R. P., Coetzee, A. R. (2011). Anaesthesia for transvenous transcatheter tricuspid valve-in-valve implantation: case study.Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia,17,4, 293-298. Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L. (2015).Medical-Surgical Nursing: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care. Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., Blair, M., Rebar, C. R., Winkelman, C. (2016).Medical-surgical nursing: Patient-centered collaborative care. Johnson, J. Y. (2008).Handbook for Brunner Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Landrum, M. A. (2012).Fast facts for the critical care nurse: Critical care nursing in a nutshell. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Sommers, M. S., Credo Reference (Firm), (2015).Diseases and disorders: A nursing therapeutics manual. Todd, B. A., Higgins, K. (2005). Recognizing aortic mitral valve disease.Nursing,35,6, 58-63.

Italy Geograpy Essays - Italy, Southern Europe, Pasta, Pesto

Italy Geograpy Italy is a country in southern Europe. It is located in the Mediterranean region. Italy is a peninsula that has the Tyrrhenlan Sea to its west, the Adriatic Sea to its east, and the Lonian Sea to its southeast. Austria and Switzerland border Italy to the north. France borders Italy to the northwest. The Capital of Italy is Rome, also the largest city. The official language of Italy is Italian. About 98% of the people in Italy are Roman Catholic. The pope lives in Rome. Italy is 116,320 sq. miles. In 1994 the population estimate was about 57,107,000 (491 per sq. mile). Italy's official name is Repubblica Italiana (Italian Republic). The National Anthem is Fratelli d'Italia (Brothers of Italy). Central and southern Italy have hot summers with day time temperatures that reach 86*F. The winters are mild and daytime temperatures reach 54*F. Northern Italy is slightly cooler in the summer than the rest of the country. However, it is much cooler in winter. The lowest annual amount of rain fall on record in Italy is 18 in. The highest annual amount of rain fall on record is 60 in. Italians pride themselves on their wonderful cooking. For example Naples is known for plain pizza crust and stuffed peppers. Genoa is known for gnocchi al pesto (tiny dumplings with basil and garlic sauce), and trenette (a kind of long, narrow noodle). Italians aremostly famous for wide varieties of pastas and sauces. Italy's form of government is parliamentary democracy. The head of the government is the Prime Minister. The head of the state is a president who is elected by the Parliament for a seven year term. Italy does foreign trade with Germany, France, United States, Britain, and the Netherlands. Italy's major exported goods are clothing and shoes, motor vehicles, machinery, chemicals, and fruits and vegetables. The value of exported goods and services is about $157,102,000,000. Italy's major imports are machinery, petroleum, motor vehicles, textile yarns, and metals. The value of imported goods is about $158,181,000,000. Italy's agricultural chief products are grapes, wheat, beef cattle, hogs, olives,corn, oranges, and tomatoes. Its manufacturing chief products are clothing and shoes, foods and beverages, motor vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, and chemicals. Italy's mining chief products are natural gas, granite, and marble.Italy is a country in southern Europe. It is located in the Mediterranean region. Italy is a peninsula that has the Tyrrhenlan Sea to its west, the Adriatic Sea to its east, and the Lonian Sea to its southeast. Austria and Switzerland border Italy to the north. France borders Italy to the northwest. The Capital of Italy is Rome, also the largest city. The official language of Italy is Italian. About 98% of the people in Italy are Roman Catholic. The pope lives in Rome. Italy is 116,320 sq. miles. In 1994 the population estimate was about 57,107,000 (491 per sq. mile). Italy's official name is Repubblica Italiana (Italian Republic). The National Anthem is Fratelli d'Italia (Brothers of Italy). Central and southern Italy have hot summers with day time temperatures that reach 86*F. The winters are mild and daytime temperatures reach 54*F. Northern Italy is slightly cooler in the summer than the rest of the country. However, it is much cooler in winter. The lowest annual amount of rain fall on record in Italy is 18 in. The highest annual amount of rain fall on record is 60 in. Italians pride themselves on their wonderful cooking. For example Naples is known for plain pizza crust and stuffed peppers. Genoa is known for gnocchi al pesto (tiny dumplings with basil and garlic sauce), and trenette (a kind of long, narrow noodle). Italians aremostly famous for wide varieties of pastas and sauces. Italy's form of government is parliamentary democracy. The head of the government is the Prime Minister. The head of the state is a president who is elected by the Parliament for a seven year term. Italy does foreign trade with Germany, France, United States, Britain, and the Netherlands. Italy's major exported goods are clothing and shoes, motor vehicles, machinery, chemicals, and fruits and vegetables. The value of exported goods and services is about $157,102,000,000. Italy's major imports are machinery, petroleum, motor vehicles, textile yarns, and metals. The value of imported goods is about $158,181,000,000. Italy's

Signal generators also know as function generator or test oscillator The WritePass Journal

Signal generators also know as function generator or test oscillator ABSTRACT Signal generators also know as function generator or test oscillator ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION ­SIGNAL GENERATOR (Outline and types)ARBITRARY WAVEFORM GENERATORFUNCTION SIGNAL GENERATORDESIGN OF SIGNAL GENERATORSOPERATING PRINCIPLES OF SIGNAL GENERATORFUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONSVERIFICATIONCHARACTERIZATIONSTRESS AND MARGING TESTINGCONCLUSIONREFERENCESRelated ABSTRACT Signal generators also know as function generator or test oscillator, have come to be more popular and most used testing device for the engineers especially and also for the medical sector. Signal generator delivers an accurate calibrated range. It provides a signal that can be adjusted according to the frequency, output voltage, impendence, waveform and modulation. It has been in existence and they are used in so many ways before time till present. An American inventor Nikola Tesla has conveyed electricity from one location to another in the form of signal and uses the same frequency. This report talks about the overview of a signal generator, how they do function using their applications and also describe to us their operating principles using the direct digital synthesis DDS, their types and designs. The Next page gives you a brief introduction about the early days of signal generator and how they are been used in those days. INTRODUCTION Before the Initiation of this device called signal generator which is around 1906 to 1920 are regarded to be the early days of radio, the only way for testing of new apparatus or electronic instrument was to use another similar device to create the signal, which was the case of new tools and modulation format in radio. During that time, this basic method of testing worked excellently with minimum percentage errors, but problem arises when there is a circumstance whereby they might be diverse devices under test. To solve this problem, there must be need for so many reference devices. One radio’s was picked which was used as a performance parameter and was measured which was now used as the standard or â€Å"golden radio† as it has been called. Even if they are expensive,   a regular change in their functioning features either during a short time as a result of warming up or during a long time as an effect of continued use, and for this reason their will be reduction in their accuracy. The need for signal generator that can effectively used to test devices as the field of engineers must be to reduce this flow. However, we are going to explain the device â€Å"signal generator† in this report and also we will discuss about the operating principles, and also the things I have already mention in the abstract area. In this next page, we will be looking at the overview of this device signal generator.  ­SIGNAL GENERATOR (Outline and types) A signal generator also called a function generator or a text signal generator is an electronic device designed to perform a variety of operations which includes band pass filter characteristics, the response of amplifiers to frequency or fault tracing in many electronic equipment and circuits. â€Å"Signal generator is a tool widely used in fields such as industrial electronic instrumentation, medicine, production, communication and research†, (Alloca and Stuart, 1983). A signal generator is the stimulus source that pairs with an acquisition instrument to create the two elements of a complete measurement solution. In its various configurations, signal generator can provide stimulus signals in the form of analog waveforms, digital data patterns, modulation, noise and it may add known, repeatable amount and types of error (distortion) to the signal it delivers. Signal generator can produce the most types of waveforms or signal which are square waves, sine waves and triangular waves over a wide range of frequency. Coombs, (1972) declares that the frequency range of a signal generator maybe less than 1Hzto at least 1MHz. Some other type of signal generators, have the ability to produce pulse, trapezoid and ramp waveforms including the ones mention above. Therefore, there are many types of signal generator designed to a variety of uses which has much possible application meaning that one particular type of signal generator may not be suitable for all pur poses. Here are the two main type of signal generator Arbitrary waveform generator Function signal generator Below is a picture example of a typical function generator: ARBITRARY WAVEFORM GENERATOR Arbitrary waveform generators (AWG) are complicated playback system that delivers waveforms based on stored digital data that describes the regularly changing voltage levels of an AC signal. The arbitrary waveform generator can produce any kind of waveform you can think of. You can use many methods to create the needed output (from mathematical formulae to drawing the waveform). FUNCTION SIGNAL GENERATOR Function generators are more simple compare to arbitrary waveform generator. They generate simple signal in wave form and this signals are been produce by a circuit which creates the repeating wave which is usually a sine wave. They are most often use in process of designing or repair simples electronics. DESIGN OF SIGNAL GENERATORS Before the modern waveform generators were initiated, analog was the mode of operation. In some industries, analog refers both to the circuit technique used to generate signals and to the signal themselves. Functionality, economic feasible, and types of waveform needed have really change the design of signal generator in period of times, although the traditional analog signal generators still exist till date. The analog is a means to represent a material measure, for instance an indicator on a current meter (regulator), by a quantity whose measurement is known. Such measurements, do not really give the accurate result of a particular tool or device under test, as they are prone to having drifts in their working parts. Most modern signal generators are based on the digital technologies such as the modern function generators which uses a technology known as Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) which are able to provide a wide range of signal or waveform. The DDS device are more like to generate analog signals via creating a digital output signal that is continuously pulsed by a clock signal and at last translating the digital signal to form an analog signal. Below is the experimental diagram of this process. The Method above, illustrate that the input is supplied into the 8bit counter which evaluate the input with an analog, (Q5 to Q0). The matching analog now is been verified with an already stored address which is the ROM (Read Only Memory) 256 x 8. As the counter cycles through the 256 different addresses, which the ROM has for each analog, the ROM counter now picks out a digital value corresponding to that address which sequentially represents the input. This information is then processed and outputs the 256 data points to the DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) which is the 8bit converter. The analog signal obtain is then shown as a waveform. An example of a generator that uses this method illustrated above is the 20MHz sweep function generator from BK Precision (model 4040DDS) image is shown below. According to BK Precision (2010), this sweep generator is a full featured DDS generator, the unit generate superb quality waveforms with a high signal precision and stability and it provides sine and square wave outputs over the frequency range from 0.1Hz to 20 MHz in one extended range. Most of the DDS generator today are dedicated instrument, simple and comfortable, and are at low cost from a few tens of dollars to tens of thousand of dollars. In the next section, we are going to look at how this device operates. OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF SIGNAL GENERATOR In this 21st century, most of the modern function generators use Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) technology to generate output wave forms. BK Precision sweep function generator (model 4040DDS) happens to be among one of this generators. This section describes how DDS technology works. There are two fundamental ideas of DDS technology which includes: Producing an arbitrary waveform that can be in various waveforms or not assigned a particular value from a periodic ramp signals. Producing a digital ramp. First, consider producing wave function that can be in various waveforms or not assigned a particular value from a periodic ramp signal. To make this explanation more simple and understandable, imagine the ramp period (t) is greater than or equal to 0s (t ≠¥ 0), then lets call the recurring ramp function R(t) as shown in the diagram below. This ramp function R(t) as shown in figure 1 differs linearly or oscillate between 0 and 1 with period T. Now, suppose their is a new function F(t) that is defined on the interval 0≠¤ t ≠¥1, in mathematical terminology, the domain of the function which is the values assigned to the independent variables of F(t) is the half-closed interval. Imagine to construct another wave function of period T which is similar to R(t) with the shape of F(t) and assuming again that the period is 4s using the diagram shown in figure 4, we will notice that as the time increases from t0 to t4, which is equal to one period, there is a sequence which implies that their will be a gradual rise in the function until t4, therefore calculating the corresponding value of each time and removing the integer part of it. For instance, tn=  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ . The calculation for t0 to t8 is shown in the table below using the figure 4 diagram. The illustration shows that there is a rise in the time value, in the sense that when one period is reach, it will start over again until another period is reached. This is how it works continuously for the defined time interval. This means that it resets after each successive cycle. On the other hand, the resetting of the time interval is carried out by a phase accumulator which is the first time interval that is the t1 = frequency. In the above example, the waveform that was created has a frequency of 0.25Hz and a phase angle of 90  that means the frequency is x360 As BK precision (2010) guild book instruct that to produce a digital ramp, as an alternative of increasing the time intervals by 1s, let the increment be in terms of ÃŽ ±, the phase angle, by the digital clock and for an N-bit counter, it will count from 0 to 2N – 1, then reset to 0 again. For example, let the value of be N = 4, which will be (24), therefore the counter result is 16 bits. When a signal is received, it will only match up to one of the bits frequencies and the waveform of that frequency will be generated. Lastly, the generated waveform might be displayed as a square or triangular signal using the control buttons on the device. This is made possible by including an operating amplifier (op-amp) in the circuit. Assume the received input signal was a sine wave, it can be converted to a square waveform; an op-amp acts as a comparator that gives and output signal of â€Å"1† only when the amplitude of the sine wave is greater than 0 and a â€Å"-1† when the amplitude is less than 0. According to Floyd (2009), this change was essential because digital data processing and transmission can be more effective and dependable than analog data and it’s of advantage when data storage is needed. FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS Signal generators have hundreds of different applications and function that are suited for variety of use in many fields but in electronics measurement context, they fall into three basic types: Verifications Characterization Stress and margin testing VERIFICATION In the world of electronic and technologies, wireless equipment designers that are building new transmitter and receiver hardware must stimulate baseband I and Q signals (with or without impairments), to verify some wireless standards, a high performance arbitrary waveform generators can provide the needed low-distortion, high-resolution signals at rates up to 1GB/secs. CHARACTERIZATION This is a state whereby the newly developed digital to Analog converter (DAC) and the Analog to digital converters (ADC) must be systematically tested to determine their limits of undeviating, distortion and so on. STRESS AND MARGING TESTING Advanced signal generators, save the engineers hours of calculation by providing efficient built- in jitter editing and generation tools because engineers that works with the serial data stream architectures; commonly used in digital communications buses and disk drive amplifiers, need to stress their devices with impairment especially jitter and timing violations so engineers must characterize their emerging designs to ensure that the new hardware meets design specifications across the full range of operation and more. However, using this device, much difficulty in electronics and also field like the medicine can now be resolute easily.   To design an assorted signal and a high speed low filter data, an arbitrary waveform generator can be used. They are specifically design for it. Radio frequency signals are used to achieve tests on radio transmitters and receivers. (Theraja and Thereja, 1959)   Signal generators that are connected to oscilloscopes can be use in testing faults in electronic equipment and devices. In telecommunications today phones functions using signals, for example: the process, transmit and receive data. Devices for example: digital X-ray appliances, brain mapping system and advanced cardiology uses signal in most medical field today. CONCLUSION The modern DDS generators have some advantages and disadvantages of it depict that they help in solving solutions in various fields. Describing about the advantages of DDS, you discover that their frequency is tuneable with sub-Hertz resolution; their phase angle is digitally adjustable, as long as the clock is stable, they don’t go with the flow due to temperature changes or aging of components, addition of arbitrary waveform generator is not theoretically difficult and lastly they have simple design and low parts count which help to keep cost down. However, describing the disadvantages of this machine has to do with the negative aspect which is their output frequency is ≠¤  ½ the clock frequency, their amplitude is also fixed that is; they need external circuitry to change, sine wave is sampled and not spectrally pure; distortion is present at that moment. But this disadvantages, does not cost more harm the technology is still the best and with more careful design in future, these advantages can me minimized. REFERENCES Floyd, L. (1977) Digital Fundamentals. 10th Edn. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Ifeachor, E. and Jervis, B. (2002) Digital Signal Processing. A Practical Approach. 2nd Edn. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Hill, A. (2010) What is signal generator? Available at: wisegeek.com/what-is-a-signal-generator.htm (Accessed 15 March 2011.) Nashedky, B. (1996) Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory. 6th Edn. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Peterson, D. and BK Precision (2010) Function Generator and Arbitrary Waveform Generators Guidebook. Available at: bkprecision.com/support/downloads/guides/Function_and_Arbitrary_Waveform_Generator_Guidebook/BK-Function-Generator-and-AWG-Guidebook.pdf. (Accessed: 25 March 2011) Alloca, J. and Stuart, A. (1983) Electronic Instrumentation. Reston, Virginia: Prentice-Hall. Crecratf, D. et al (1990) Analogue and Digital Electronics. Great Britain: The Open University Referencec.com (2010) Signal generators. Available at: reference.com/browse/signal+generator (Accessed: 14 April 2011) Theraja, B. And Theraja, A. (1959) A Textbook of Electrical Technology. 23rd Edn. Reprint 2003. Ram Nagar, New Delhi: S. Chand Company Ltd. Coombs, C. (1972) Handbook of Basic Instrumentation. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Yourdictionary.com (2010) Nikola Tesla Biography. Available at: http://biography.yourdictionary.com/nikola-tesla (Accessed 18 April 2011) Tektronics (2008) Signal generator fundamentals Guidebook. Available at: http://circuitslab.case.edu/manuals/Signal_Generator_Fundamentals-_Tektronix.pdf (Accessed 20 April 2011) ZTech Instruments (2010) Waveform Generator Fundamentals. Available at: ztecinstruments.com//applications/waveform-generator-fundamentals.php (Accessed: 6 April 2011)

What strategic influence does Special Operations have Research Paper

What strategic influence does Special Operations have - Research Paper Example This research aims at analyzing the nature and the characteristics of special operations and the strategic influence that they have on the target population. Special operations demand the use of special methods of employment, special techniques, tactics, procedures as well as equipment. Special operations acquire significance in harsh environments characterized by high level of hostility, denial and environments that are most sensitive politically or diplomatically. These operations are thus more time sensitive and concealed in nature. Special operations according to Derek (2006, 149) have lower visibility, work in collaboration with local forces and require greater regional point of reference as well as cultural proficiency. Special operations require very high level of intelligence and the intelligence organ must have a good understanding of the major activities. It must be capable of approving all the logistical requirements within the shortest time possible, which is usually within a span of fifteen days. The communication system has to be significantly efficient to ease collection of information from the ground as well as coordination within the staff members involved to arrive at the best solution for the prevailing situation. In operating in remote areas, according to Derek (2006, 252) special operations mostly require the use of long range and surface oriented combined firing support. With special operations, offensive actions can be either by seizing the core facilities of the people as a piece of the wide operation or utilizing a guerilla war tactic of hitting and running away to cool the chosen targets. Even though the other ordinary units are capable of carrying out such operations, special units perform with greater precision thus yielding better results. Special Forces are also capable of conducting such operations in areas where the other ordinary units cannot reach. A common characteristic of special operations is effectiveness in terms

Policy control process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Policy control process - Essay Example The overall set up is termed polity. In a modern society the pivotal principle of polity specifies that power be legitimated by the reference to the consent of the governed, that is, each person must have a more or less equal voice in providing this consent. The arrangements in a society like political parties, lobby groups and social movements are the tools invented to express the consent. (Ritzer, 2000, pp579) Hence the policy makers retain the power of controlling the process in their own hands. This exhorts them to opt for elite theory and makes them politically elite. But generally elitists do not opt to get involved in politics; they get everything done through political stalwarts. They even posses complete control over the entire government. Its size, wealth, status, organizational strength, leadership, access to decision makers and internal cohesion, determine the proportionate strength of an elite group. While elitism cannot be challenged anywhere in this globe, pluralism is a supporting modality for elitists to reach their goal. Socially elite groups of Australia were trying hard for the upbringing of the aborigines, the 40000 years old primitives of the land. The Constitution of Australia prevented the federal government from directly aiding the aborigines. However with the help of the socially elite groups Australians got the clause removed in 1967. (World Book Encyclopedia, 1995, pp778). The elite theory does not compromise in its core, that is, powerful minority rules the masses. However the perseverance of the elite group in accomplishing their goal imparts them a type of immortality. 'White Australia Policy' was in vogue for about 70 years since, 1901. The Immigration Restriction Act passed in 1901 excluded the entry of Asians on the basis of a dictation test on any European language. But an epochal decision by the government in 1993 that affirmed aboriginal land rights diverted the entire attention to aboriginal Australians. This made Australia close to Asia and 'White Australia Policy' was allowed to die slowly. A new official policy of multiculturalism was created, which was very similar to cultural pluralism, an offshoot of cultural diversity. (International Encyclopedia of PROPAGANDA; pp60) Pluralism has paved way for smooth running of government in the land. The power of the Governor General of Australia to appoint more than one minister for one portfolio is the indication of the effect of pluralism conceived in a healthy manner. The Cabinet ministers collectively take major decisions on government policy matters and programs. They bear the collective responsibility on the decision arrived at. If one minister is not willing to support, he resigns and the remaining ministers who made the decisions shoulder the responsibilities. The business of policy making is normally done at Cabinet meetings of the ministers only. Since a Cabinet is an unofficial body it can conduct its business with flexibility, confidentiality and informality. The Cabinet primarily concerns itself with policy rather than the form of actions and legal restraints or legal instruments. It is the part of executive council, which includes parliamentary secretaries and some ministers too to approve gover nment's subordinate legislations. Policy decisions are normally arrived at after combining three important factors. They are: resources, evidences and values. The issue

Experiment to Determine the Coefficient of Friction

Experiment to Determine the Coefficient of Friction Student Name: Ahmad Raza Summary: This experiment has two aims. The first aim of this experiment is to determine the coefficient of friction on an inclined plane by using various materials tray. Secondly, to verify that the force have already found which were required to move a body on an inclined plane. We have provided apparatus to do this experiment that include stainless steel plane, load hanger, different weights and 4 trays of different materials such as aluminium, brass, nylon and ferado. Firstly, we place tray at the middle of plane and apply weight on weight hanger until tray starts to move. Note the angle and find the coefficient of friction. For this purpose we have found the Normal force and sliding. Then, by using formula of coefficient of friction we found the value, which was approximately 0.18 at 10Â °, 20Â ° and 30Â °. Nevertheless, the additional 10N weight was added but the friction coefficient but the angle will remain same. The experiment was taken by under good circumstances. However, errors can be reduce by overlapping the mistake that was take place in this experiment. This experiment could be done exactly the same as international standard if the following conditions apply on it. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AIMS AND OBJECTIVE The aims of the friction experiment are to find the coefficient of different combination of material which is in this experiment, the steel bar. Making use of inclined plane, also to study equilibrium and non-equilibrium of a body of an incline plane under the action of the force. The objective is to understand that a coefficient of friction could be determine via incline plane, collect experiment data and calculate the corresponding results and coefficient and finally to compare the value of coefficient generated from different pairs of surface. 1.2: THEORY AND BACKGROUND: Friction can be defined as the force that will resists the relative motion of solid surfaces which are sliding against each other. There are mainly three types of friction. Dry friction, Fluid friction and internal friction but this particular experiment was just examined only for dry friction. Dry friction is the encountered when two dry surfaces are in convention if there is a tendency of sliding. However this dry friction has split into two sub frictions as static and kinetic. Commonly, kinetic frictional force will be less than the absolute maximum value from the static frictional force. This static frictional force is derived as fs = ÃŽ ¼sN, while kinetic frictional force is fk =ÃŽ ¼kN, where ÃŽ ¼s is the coefficient of static friction, ÃŽ ¼k is the coefficient of kinetic friction, N is the normal force and ÃŽ ¼ is the proportionality constant and called coefficient of friction. An inclined plane can be defined as any plane surface positioned at an angle with respect to the horizontal plane. At the moment of sliding, the friction force must be the same to the element of weight acting down the plane. ÃŽ ¼W .cosÃŽ ¸ =W .sinÃŽ ¸ This leads to the concept of the angle of the friction ÃŽ ¼ = tanÃŽ ¸ CHAPTER 2 APPRATUS AND experimental procedure 2.1: APPRATUS: Adjustable stainless steel plane complete with base .5N load hanger Weights Trays of Aluminium, Brass, Nylon and Ferado Fig1.1: Wood plane and trays 2.2: experimental procedure: As we discussed above, we have two aims for this experiment. Each aim has different procedure. 2.2.1: Following procedure is to find the angle of friction on a steel plane by using different materials. We have given four trays for this experiment such as Aluminium, Brass, Nylon and Ferado. First of all set the plane of stainless steel at 0 slope by ensuring that it is in horizontal plane. Afterward, set the tray of any material at the middle of stainless steel plane then apply weight at the end of plane by weight hanger and note the angle of inclination when tray starts to slide. Take coefficient of Tan ÃŽ ¸ to evaluate static deflection (ÃŽ ¼s).Repeat the same procedure three times and take the average. Subsequently, to evaluate the angle of sliding friction (ÃŽ ¼k) , place the tray again in the middle of plane and reduce the tilt as this time tilt was increased, we keep pushing the tray till it started to move and note the angle for three times and take the average. Static deflection (ÃŽ ¼s) Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for static deflection by using Aluminium tray Table 1.1: Aluminium tray Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for static deflection by using Brass tray Table 1.2: Brass tray Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for static deflection by using Nylon tray Table 1.3: Nylon tray Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for static deflection by using Ferado tray Table 1.4: Ferado tray Sliding Friction (ÃŽ ¼k) Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for sliding friction by using Aluminium tray Table 2.1: Aluminium tray Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for sliding friction by using Brass tray Table 2.2: Brass tray Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for sliding friction by using Nylon tray Table 2.3: Nylon tray Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for sliding friction by using Ferado tray Table 2.4: Ferado tray 2.2.2: Following procedure is to verify the force required parallel to an inclined plane to move a body up the plane corresponds to the friction coefficient already found. First of all set the stainless steel plane horizontally at 10 slope. Place the towing cord and weight hanger in position to pull the tray up to the plane by placing any material tray at the lower end of plane. Add load to the hanger until the tray, given a slide push, slides slowly up the plane. Repeat the same procedure by applying 10N weight at angle 20 and 30. CHAPTER 3 CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS 3.1: Procedure 1 As we found angle above, now to find coefficient of static deflection, take tan ÃŽ ¸. For Aluminium (Tan15.8) = 0.28 For Brass (Tan14) = 0.25 For Nylon (Tan20) = 0.36 For Ferado (Tan18.8) = 0.34 Table 3.1: Coefficient of static deflection As we found angle above, now to find the coefficient of sliding friction, take tan ÃŽ ¸. For Aluminium (Tan10.8) = 0.19 For Brass (Tan15.1) = 0.27 For Nylon (Tan12.3) = 0.22 For Ferado (Tan13.7) = 0.24 Table 3.1: Coefficient of sliding friction Procedure 2: First of all find the normal force Normal Force = W.cosÃŽ ¸ Normal Force = 3.58.cos10Â ° Normal Force = 3.52 N Secondly find the Sliding force Sliding Force = p-(W.sinÃŽ ¸) Sliding Force = 1.2-(3.58.sin10Â °) Sliding Force = 0.58 N Now as we have both normal and sliding force, we can find Friction Coefficient ÃŽ ¼ Friction Coefficient = Sliding force / Normal force Friction Coefficient = 0.58 / 3.52 Friction Coefficient = 0.16 All the values were measured for angle 20Â ° and 30Â ° as shown in the table below. Table 4.1: Nevertheless, the additional 10N weight were added but the friction coefficient and angle will remain same as shown above in the table which proves that weight cannot change the angle and coefficient of friction. By converting mass of the tray into weight we can prove the experiment. W = mg W = 0.365*9.81 W = 3.58 N CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Subsequently investigation in the data, we all observed that hypothesis is true, where the static along with kinetic friction is usually affected by the mass of body. The coefficient in the kinetic along with static friction is determined by materials used for each call surfaces. The coefficients will never always be bigger than 1 and the coefficient connected with kinetic friction is definitely more compact as opposed to among static friction for that identical scenario. The value of coefficient of friction is 0.18.The laboratory on the other hand, we all would come up with a vibrant mistake thats produced each of our kinetic friction importance unfeasible, as the importance for we all received ended up being caused by the tension pulling on the block. However, there were some systematic error occur while doing experiment. These errors were arisen due to string and hanger as they were not straight and each group member have different value while taking reading. CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION The experiment was taken under good circumstances. However, errors can be reduce by overlapping the mistake that was take place in this experiment. This experiment could be done exactly the same as international standard if the following conditions apply on it. First of all make sure that the hanging masses do not move while adding additional weight on load hanger. This experiment will be really useful in the future to determine the coefficient of friction for different materials. REFERENCE: John, B Carl,T.F.T.F. Ross (2002).Mechanical Engineering Principles. Oxford: Taylor Francis. APPENDIX A CHAPTER 1.. CHAPTER 2.. CHPATER 3.. CHAPTER 4. Page 1 of 11

computer architecture :: essays papers

computer architecture Computer architecture covers the design of system software, such as the operating system (the program that controls the computer), as well as referring to the combination of hardware and basic software that links the machines on a computer network. Computer architecture refers to an entire structure and to the details needed to make it functional. Thus, computer architecture covers computer systems, microprocessors, circuits, and system programs. Typically the term does not refer to application programs, such as spreadsheets or word processing, which are required to perform a task but not to make the system run. In designing a computer system, architects consider five major elements that make up the system's hardware: the arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, memory, input, and output. The arithmetic/logic unit performs arithmetic and compares numerical values. The control unit directs the operation of the computer by taking the user instructions and transforming them into electrical signals that the computer's circuitry can understand. The combination of the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit is called the central processing unit (CPU). The memory stores instructions and data. The input and output sections allow the computer to receive and send data, respectively. Different hardware architectures are required because of the specialized needs of systems and users. One user may need a system to display graphics extremely fast, while another system may have to be optimized for searching a database or conserving battery power in a laptop computer. In addition to the hardware design, the architects must consider what software programs will operate the system. Software, such as programming languages and operating systems, makes the details of the hardware architecture invisible to the user. For example, computers that use the C programming language or a UNIX operating system may appear the same from the user's viewpoint, although they use different hardware architectures. When a computer carries out an instruction, it proceeds through five steps. First, the control unit retrieves the instruction from memory—for example, an instruction to add two numbers. Second, the control unit decodes the instructions into electronic signals that control the computer. Third, the control unit fetches the data (the two numbers). Fourth, the arithmetic/logic unit performs the specific operation (the addition of the two numbers). Fifth, the control unit saves the result (the sum of the two numbers). Early computers used only simple instructions because the cost of electronics capable of carrying out complex instructions was high. As this cost decreased in the 1960s, more complicated instructions became possible. Complex instructions can save time because they make it unnecessary for the computer to retrieve additional instructions. For example, if seven operations are combined in one instruction, then six of

The Misery in Evil

There is a lot we can learn from infants. Infants have control over their emotions. When they feel hungry, they cry. When we feed them, they stop. They react the same way when dealing with such feelings and emotions such as nausea, sleep, and even anger. The children know how to let their emotions flow and as soon as the emotion is dealt with, they let the feelings go. As life becomes more complicated, people tend to forget how to let thing flow and then let them go. The older we get, the more we hold in the emotional baggage, allow ourselves to be possessed by them. Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights tells a very good story of the consequences of holding emotions in without ever releasing them. The characters in the book are so deeply enveloped into their emotions that they create prisons for their minds. Their own acts of hate and unkindness create these prisons; prisons that won't let them escape from their misery. From a very early age, the seeds of hatred are planted into Hindley. When the orphan boy, Heathcliff is brought home to live with the Earnshaw family, Hindley becomes immediately jealous when the love of his father goes into Heathcliff. Along with his sister, Catherine, the two work together to ridicule the orphan child of his disabilities, mainly his illiteracy. When Hindley's father dies, he goes on to make Heathcliff's life miserable. He treats Heathcliff as one of the servants and terminates his education. The hatred is spread into Heathcliff as he vows to seek revenge on Hindley. While Hindley continued his abuse on Heathcliff, Catherine falls in love with the orphan child. However, Catherine had a personal ambition to find someone that would carry her away like an enchanted princess. She got this opportunity when she was allowed to enter the Linton house. Heathcliff, on the other hand, was told to go back home. While Catherine learned the ways of the rich, Heathcliff started his plan to seek revenge. One of the interesting aspects of the book is the fact that Heathcliff started off with the typical romantic hero. He was the orphan child, destined to rise above the standards. However, Bronte doesn't allow Heathcliff to transcend above his position in life. Throughout the novel, Heathcliff commits act of pure evil that is very hard for the reader to believe. He starts by killing a few dogs and goes on to create even more havoc. He tortures Isabella by testing her undying love for him. He even goes on to plan the use of his own child to seek revenge on his arch nemesis, Edgar Linton. All the while, the one thing that caused all of his pain, all of his misery, never stopped haunting him. Catherine died from the love she had for Heathcliff. Her acts of unkindness towards him led to her misery which would eventually lead to her death. Heathcliff could never bury Catherine and he felt like her ghost was always around watching him, waiting for him to join her. Heathcliff's ultimate revenge would take place by destroying the love between Hareton and the young Catherine. He tried to recreate a love triangle between his son Linton Heathcliff, the young Catherine, and Hareton. However, the young Catherine reminded Heathcliff of his love for her mother so much, that his desire to fulfill his act of revenge soon disappeared. When he finally realized this, his anger, his rage, turned to misery. Like his love before him, he let the misery take over, which would lead him to his own death. Heathcliff, along with many other characters in the story, were locked inside a cage they couldn't escape. The lock was composed of love, hatred, revenge and misery. For the second generation of children in the story (Heathcliff, Edgar Linton, Hindley, and Catherine), the self-made prisons made for some very miserable lives and depressing deaths.

What You Need to Know About the SAT Chemistry Subject Test

The SAT Chemistry Test or SAT Chemistry Subject Test is an optional single-subject test that you can take to showcase your understanding of chemistry. You might choose to take this test if you are applying to college to study science or engineering. The test is intended to help you with the college admission process. SAT Chemistry Test Basics Here are some important facts about the SAT Chemistry Subject Test: 60 minutes (one hour) long.85 multiple-choice questions.Offered October, November, December, January, May, and June.A calculator is not permitted.The periodic table is provided.All units are metric.Only simple numerical calculations are required.Scoring is from 200-800. (Note: You do not need to get all of the questions correct to get a perfect score.) It is expected that students will not have been exposed to every subject covered on the test. Recommended Preparation for the SAT Chemistry Test Year of algebraYear of general chemistry, college-prep level or higherSome lab experience Topics Covered by the SAT Chemistry Test The percentages given here are approximate. Structure of Matter (25%)States of Matter (16%)Types of Reactions (14%)Stoichiometry (14%)Descriptive Chemistry (12%)Laboratory (8%)Thermochemistry (6%)Equilibrium and Rates of Reactions (5%) This is not a memorization-type test. While students are expected to have an understanding of the fundamental concepts of chemistry, most of the test will involve organizing and interpreting information. With respect to the types of skills that will be needed to succeed with the SAT Chemistry Test, you can expect: 45% application of knowledge35% synthesis of knowledge20% fundamental knowledge and concepts